Pdf tetranychus

Farmers in Kenya continue to raise concerns of difficulty in managing Tetranychus evansi , the most widespread pest species of tomato applying the most commonly used acaricides.

This invasive pest … Expand. The invasive spider mite Tetranychus evansi Acari: Tetranychidae alters community composition and host-plant use of native relatives.

Experimental and Applied Acarology. L'etude d'une centaine de prelevements effectues a la Reunion sur differentes plantes cultivees ou spontanees a permis de porter le nombre des especes connues de Tetranychidae de cette ile de six a … Expand.

Plagas, 15 3 : A study … Expand. Comparison ofTetranychus evansi andT. The study was conducted using arenas of excised … Expand. The tetranychoid mites of Africa. Rossol … Expand.

Influence of Artemisia monosperma Del. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 14 2 Saeidi Z, Mallik B, Entrapment of two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Acari: Prostigmata: Tetranychidae , by type IV glandular trichomes of Lycopersicon species. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 31 2 Spider mites can reduce strawberry yields. Morphological responses of strawberry leaves to infestations of twospotted spider mite.

Journal of Economic Entomology, 72 5 Natural epizootics of Cladosporium cladosporioides on Tetranychus urticae Koch. Journal of Biological Control, 27 2 Functional response of Phytoseiulus persimilis Acari: Phytoseiidae on untreated and Beauveria bassiana - treated adults of Tetranychus urticae Acari: Tetranychidae. Journal of Insect Behavior, 25 6 Injuriousness of spider mite to soybean in relation to the mineral nutrition of the plants.

Agrokhimiya, No. Resistance to two-spotted spider mite and strawberry aphid in Fragaria chiloensis, F. Hortscience, Occurrence of an entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana Bals. Insect Environment, 10 3 Antixenosis and entibiosis of some melon Cucumis melo gentotypes to the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae and a possible mechanism for resistance.

Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 88 1 Biological effectiveness of a fatty acid derivative for the control of Macrosiphum rosae L. Agrociencia-Montecillo, 39 3 Simova S, Draganova S, Virulence of isolates of entomopathogenic fungi to Tetranychus urticae Koch Tetranychidae, Acarina.

Singh OP, Assessment of losses to soybean by red spider mite in Madhya Pradesh. Agricultural Science Digest Karnal , 8 3 Seasonal incidence and chemical control of red spider mite, Tetranychus telarius Linn. Biology and predation potential of Coccinella septempunctata L. Indian Journal of Entomology, 76 1 Brazilian Journal of Biology, 72 4 Sousa, J. Mites in Annonaceae species in northeast Brazil and in the state of Para. Acarologia, 55 1 , Damage level of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch Acari: Tetranychidae in soybeans.

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Plant Protection Bulletin Taipei , 38 3 ; 36 ref. Vijay Singh, Usha Chauhan, Diversity of mite Acari fauna associated with vegetables and ornamental plants in mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Biological Control, 28 2 , Control of pests and diseases of commercial leafy vegetables by farmers in the western province. Annals of the Sri Lanka Department of Agriculture, Biological control of two spotted spider mite with predatory phytoseiids Acari: Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae on cucumber and strawberry.

Scientia Agricola, 51 1 ; 15 ref. Waterhouse DF, Insecticide resistance action committee IRAC fruit crops spider mite resistance management guidelines Wilson LJ, Spider mites Acari: Tetranychidae affect yield and fiber quality of cotton. Varietal resistance to Tetranychus urticae Koch Acari: Tetranychidae in Minnesota strawberries and control with bifenthrin.

Journal of Entomological Science, 38 4 Capability of Scolothrips takahashii Thysanoptera: Thripidae as a control agent of Tetranychus urticae Acari: Tetranychidae for protecting strawberry plug plants in summer.

Applied Entomology and Zoology, 49 3 Yano S, Does Tetranychus urticae Acari: Tetranychidae use flying insects as vectors for phoretic dispersal? Experimental and Applied Acarology, 32 4 Young GR, Zhang L, The IPM of snake bean, Vigna unguiculata ssp. Effects of different amount of organic fertilizer on populations of Aphis gossypii Glover and Tetranychus urticae Koch and the yield of cucumber. China Vegetables, No. Investigation on the main insect pests in the transgenic Bt cotton fields in Anhui Province.

Journal of Anhui Agricultural University, 35 4 Using adult female morphological characters for differentiating Tetranychus urticae complex Acari: Tetranychidae from greenhouse tomato crops in UK. Systematic and Applied Acarology, 5: Zhang ZQ, Mites of Greenhouses: Identification, Biology and Control.

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Population dynamics of the citrus oriental mite, Eutetranychus orientalis Klein Acari: Tetranychidae , and its mite predatory complex in southern Spain. Acta Entomologica Sinica. Milek T M, Masten R, Metode integriranega gojenja in varstva vrtnin. In: Novi izzivi v poljedelstvu ' Mir A A, Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura. Nagrare V S, Rampal, Journal of Ornamental Horticulture. Journal of Applied Zoological Researches.

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Waterhouse D F, The major arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture in Southeast Asia. Journal of Entomological Science. Young G R, Zhang L, Journal of Anhui Agricultural University. One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using. Toggle navigation. Datasheet Tetranychus urticae two-spotted spider mite. Under optimum conditions, it reaches a high population density, and its presence can cause a reduction in crop yield.

Don't need the entire report? Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need. Generate report. Expand all sections Collapse all sections. Title Adults Caption Tetranychus urticae two-spotted spider mite ; adult male smaller individual and adult female. Title Adult male Caption Tetranychus urticae two-spotted spider mite ; adult male. Title Adult female Caption Tetranychus urticae two-spotted spider mite ; adult female with eggs.

Title Adult female Caption Tetranychus urticae two-spotted spider mite ; adult female with eggs and a larva. Title Diapausing females Caption Tetranychus urticae two-spotted spider mite ; overwintering diapausing females around an apple calyx. Title Damage symptoms Caption Tetranychus urticae two-spotted spider mite ; speckling on a strawberry leaf. Title Damage symptoms Caption Tetranychus urticae two-spotted spider mite ; speckling on hop leaves. Title Webbing Caption Tetranychus urticae two-spotted spider mite ; webbing on strawberry leaves.

Title Natural enemy Caption Phytoseiulus persimilis predatory mites orange-red individuals , in a colony of T. Summary of Invasiveness Top of page T. Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature Top of page Tetranychus urticae is part of a group of very similar species in the genus Tetranychus.

At one time, a species complex included about 60 synonyms, each described from different hosts or from different parts of the world, the best known of which were Tetranychus telarius L. The taxonomy of the genus Tetranychus is still problematical, but may be elucidated using molecular techniques. The list of other names used excludes Tetranychus cinnabarinus, which may be the same species see Similarities to Other Pests and datasheet for Tetranychus cinnabarinus.

Additional synonyms are provided in Bolland et al. Description Top of page Eggs The egg is 0. Larva The larva is pale green and has six legs. Nymphal stages There are two nymphal instars, protonymph and deutonymph, with a quiescent interval between them and another between the deutonymph and adult. The nymphs are pale green with darker markings and have eight legs. Adults The adult female is 0. Overwintering females are orange-red in colour.

The male has a smaller, narrower, more pointed body than the female. Distribution Top of page T. Other reference sources are given in Bolland et al. Distribution Table Top of page The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. It includes many crops grown in glasshouses such as tomatoes, cucumbers and peppers and flowers such as chrysanthemums and orchids.

It is also a problem on protected and unprotected strawberries. In some areas it is a problem on field-grown fruit crops such as apples, pears and on grapevines. Other important crops that are infested include cotton, soyabeans and other legumes.

This mite can also live on many non-crop hosts, which can provide a source of infestation. A more exhaustive list of hosts is given by Bolland et al. Sousa et al. Vijay and Usha Debalina et al. Helal et al. Citrus sinensis sweet orange Rutaceae Unknown Helal et al. Datura thorn-apple Solanaceae Unknown Helal et al.

Eichhornia crassipes water hyacinth Pontederiaceae Unknown Parmeshwar et al. Dutta et al. Imura Growth Stages Top of page Post-harvest. Symptoms Top of page Feeding by T. As infestations become more severe, leaves appear bronzed or silvery, become brittle, and may fall prematurely. Plants can be killed quite rapidly by this mite. The mites spin webbing, which can cover all the surfaces of the plant.

See Overmeer and Harrison and Mitchell for reports on genetic variation with respect to factors controlling the sex ratio of T. Refer to Hussey and Huffaker , and references therein, for further information on the genetics of spider mites. Physiology and phenology T. The overwintering females stop feeding and egg laying and leave their host plants to hibernate in cracks and crevices in protected places, such as the soil or glasshouse structures.

They resume activity in the spring when they lay eggs on leaves. These mites also produce copious amounts of webbing. Reproductive biology The development of the mite is rapid, particularly at high temperatures. Each female can lay an average of eggs during a lifetime of about 30 days, therefore numbers of mites can increase very rapidly during the summer, or under glass or plastic. There is much additional information available on cytology and sex determination, mating behaviour, sex ratio, genetics, etc.

Much of this information is reviewed in the chapters by various authors in the volumes on spider mites edited by Helle and Sabelis a, b. Notes on Natural Enemies Top of page At each separate locality there is a complex of local predators, hence lists of natural enemies are long and of limited value in other locations.

The most effective natural enemies of T. These mites, belonging to a number of genera, such as Amblyseius, Euseius, Neoseiulus and Phytoseius, have been shown to regulate populations of T. Phytoseiulus persimilis successfully controls the mite in greenhouses. It is also sometimes useful outdoors and has been released into the field; usually augmentative releases are required to maintain control. Species of Stethorus, a group of small ladybird beetles Coccinellidae , are also important predators of spider mites.

Other useful predators include anthocorids mainly Orius spp. Scolothrips spp. Oligota spp. Epidemics of fungal disease sometimes occur, particularly in warm, humid conditions.

These epidemics are usually caused by Neozygites spp. Means of Movement and Dispersal Top of page T. Phoretic dispersal of T. Detection and Inspection Top of page Severely infested plants can be recognized by speckling and bronzing of the leaves and the presence of webbing.

However, it is important to detect infestations before they reach this stage by examining the leaves, with a hand lens or under a microscope, to reveal the mites. Some sampling schemes have been developed that use the presence or absence of mites on a sample of leaves, to reduce the time spent counting Raworth, ; Butcher et al.

Some of the morphological differences between Tetranychus species were described by Boudreaux and Dosse However, it is difficult to separate some of these species and, more recently, new biochemical and molecular techniques have been used to try and distinguish between them. Enohara and Amano studied six species of Tetranychus common in Japan, which are difficult to separate: T.

They found that esterase patterns showed species specific characteristics and that the morphological characters of the adult females could also be used to distinguish between species.

Goka and Takafuji used polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to study the differences between two enzymes among seven species of Tetranychus and concluded that these enzymes could be useful markers for classification. Navajas et al. More recently, Zhang and Jacobson reported on the use of adult female morphological characters to differentiate between T.

Infected aphids, in which lysozyme activity could be detected, did not upregulate AMPs suggesting aphids do not deploy an induced immune response upon bacterial challenge [9][10]. Instead, pea aphids seem to rely on another layer of defence, that is provided by their endosymbionts, namely Regiella insecticola, Rickettsia and Spiroplasma, to fight some fungal infections [41][42] and Hamiltonella defensa against parasitoid attack [43].

Possibly, endosymbionts commonly detected in T. In addition, infection with E. One hypothesis for the genomic and physiological patterns observed in pea aphid immunity is that the virtually aseptic phloem diet of aphids would relax selection for the maintenance of costly immune response mechanisms [45].

This hypothesis may be extended to T. Moreover, the shared degeneration of the Imd pathway in spider mite and aphid reinforces this notion because of the central role played by this pathway in mediating the epithelial response to bacterial contacts in the gut and in the modulation of its bacterial contents [31][47][48][49].

Unfortunately, no information is yet available regarding immune responses in these insects. This ecological feature, by eliminating a constant necessity for balancing bacterial interactions commensal or pathogenic , may relax the pressure to evolve or maintain a transcriptionally induced and regulated response. The line used for the Spider Mite Genome Sequencing project [19] was derived from this population.

Per experiment, one colony was picked from selective medium cultures, transferred to liquid LB and grown overnight at 37oC for E. Individuals were injected with LB with or without bacteria. For the former treatment, we used three different concentrations of bacteria, OD0. The proxy, NbClust and dtw packages in R were used in the distance matrix construction and clustering of the transcriptomic responses. This technique allows for the comparison of the transcriptomic responses over time [52][53].

Survival was monitored every 24 hours over 4 days. The dynamics of the bacterial population was followed every 24 hours from 0 to 96 hours.

The next day, the number of CFUs was counted. For S. However, for T. The next day, the number of CFUs was counted and used as a proxy to estimate the microbiota associated to each mite five per treatment and per species. Louis, USA. When a significant interaction was found, comparisons were done separately for each species or each treatment.

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