Kundur pdf

System design measures Torsional interaction with power system controls It is truly amazing that such a system has operated with a high degree of reliability for over a century.

The robustness of a power system is measured by the ability of the system to operate in a state of equilibrium under normal and perturbed conditions.

Power system stability deals with the study of the behavior of power systems under conditions such as sudden changes in load or generation or short circuits on transmission lines. A power system is said to be stable if the interconnected generating units remain in synchronism. The ability of a power system to maintain stability depends to a large extent on the controls available on the system to damp the electromechanical oscillations.

Hence, the study and design of controls are very important. Of all the complex phenomena on power systems, power system stability is the most intricate to understand and challenging to analyze. Electric power systems of the 2ist century will present an even more formidable challenge as they are forced to operate closer to their stability limits. I cannot think of a more qualified person than Dr.

Prabha Kundur to write a book on power system stability and control. Kundur is an internationally recognized authority on power system stability. His expertise and practical experience in developing solutions to stability problems is second to none.

Kundur not only has a thorough grasp of the fundamental concepts but also has worked on solving electric utility system stability problems worldwide. It gives me great pleasure to write the Foreword for this timely book, which Iam confident will be of great value to practicing engineers and students in the field of power engineering. Neal J. Such problems constitute very important considerations in the planning, design, and operation of modern power systems. The complexity of power systems is continually increasing because of the growth in interconnections and use of new technologies, At the same time, financial and regulatory constraints have forced utilities to operate the systems nearly at stability limits.

These two factors have created new types of stability problems. Greater reliance is, therefore, being placed on the use of special control aids to enhance system security, facilitate economic design, and provide greater flexibility of system operation. In addition, advances in computer technology, numerical analysis, control theory, and equipment modelling have contributed to the development of improved analytical tools and better system-design procedures.

The primary motivation for writing this book has been to describe these new developments and to provide a comprehensive treatment of the subject. This book is intended to mect the needs of practicing engineers associated with the electric utility industry as well as those of graduate students and researchers. Books on this subject are at least 15 years old; some well-known books are 30 to 40 years old. Moreover, both the teaching staff and students do not have ready access to information on the practical aspects.

Since the subject requires an understanding of a wide range of areas, practicing engineers just entering this field are faced with the formidable task of gathering the necessary information from widely scattered sources.

This book attempts to fill the gap by providing the necessary fundamentals, explaining the practical aspects, and giving an integrated treatment of the latest developments in modelling techniques and analytical tools. It is divided into three parts.

Part I provides general background information in two chapters. Chapter 1 describes the structure of modern power systems and identifies different levels of control. Chapter 2 introduces the stability problem and provides basic concepts, definitions, and classification. Part II of the book, comprising Chapters 3 to 11, is devoted to equipment characteristics and modelling. System stability is affected by the characteristics of every major element of the power system.

A knowledge of the physical characteristics of the individual elements and their capabilities is essential for the understanding of system stability. The representation of these elements by means of appropriate mathematical models is critical to the analysis of stability. Chapters 3 to 10 are devoted to generators, excitation systems, prime movers, ac and de transmission, and system loads.

Chapter 11 describes the principles of active power and reactive power control and develops models for the control equipment. Part III, comprising Chapters 12 to 17, considers different categories of power system stability. Emphasis is placed on physical understanding of many facets of the stability phenomena. Methods of analysis along with control measures for mitigation of stability problems are described in detail.

The notions of power system stability and power system control are closely related. The overall controls in a power system are highly distributed in a hierarchical structure.

System stability is strongly influenced by these controls. In each chapter, the theory is developed from simple beginnings and is gradually evolved so that it can be applied to complex practical situations. This is supplemented by a large number of illustrative examples.

Wherever appropriate, historical perspectives and past experiences are highlighted. Because this is the first edition, it is likely that some aspects of the subject may not be adequately covered.

It is also likely that there may be some errors, typographical or otherwise. Baofu Gao and Sainath Moorty helped me with many of the calculations and computer simulations included in the book. David Lee reviewed Chapters 8 and 9 and provided valuable comments and suggestions.

I have worked very closely with Mr. Lee for the last 22 years on a number of complex power system stability-related problems; the results of our joint effort are reflected in various parts of the book. Carson Taylor reviewed the manuscript and provided many helpful suggestions for improving the text. In addition, many stimulating discussions I have had with Mr. Taylor, Dr. Charles Concordia, and with Mr. Yakout Mansour helped me develop a better perspective of current and future needs of power system stability analysis.

Patti Scott and Christine Hebscher edited the first draft of the manuscript. Janet Kibblewhite edited the final draft and suggested many improvements. I am deeply indebted to Lei Wang and his wife, Xiaolu Meng, for their outstanding work in the preparation of the manuscript, including the illustrations. I wish to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to Mr. Paul L. Dandeno for the encouragement he gave me and the confidence he showed in me during the early part of my career at Ontario Hydro.

It is because of him that I joined the electric utility industry and then ventured into the many areas of power system dynamic performance covered in this book. In particular, am thankful to Dr. Neal Balu and Mr. Mark Lauby for their inspiration and support. Mark Lauby also reviewed the manuscript and provided many helpful suggestions.

I wish to express my appreciation to Liz Doherty and Patty Jones for helping me with the correspondence and other business matters related to this book. Finally, I wish to thank my wife, Geetha Kundur, for her unfailing support and patience during the many months I worked on this book. The basic characteristics and structure of modern power systems are then identified. The performance requirements of a properly designed power system and the various levels of controls used to meet these requirements are also described.

This chapter, together with the next, provides general background information and lays the groundwork for the remainder of the book. The first complete electric power system comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads was built by Thomas Edison - the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September This was a de system consisting of a steam-engine-driven de generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly 1.

Within a few years similar systems were in operation in most large cities throughout the world. With the development of motors by Frank Sprague in , motor loads were added to such systems. This was the beginning of what would develop into one of the largest industries in the world.

By , the limitations of de systems were becoming increasingly apparent. They could deliver power only a short distance from the generators. Such high voltages were not acceptable for generation and consumption of power; therefore, a convenient means for voltage transformation became a necessity.

The development of the transformer and ac transmission by L. Gaulard and J. Gibbs of Paris, France, led to ac electric power systems.

George Westinghouse secured rights to these developments in the United States. In , William Stanley, an associate of Westinghouse, developed and tested a commercially practical transformer and ac distribution system for lamps at Great Barrington, Massachusetts.

In , the first ac transmission line in North America was put into operation in Oregon between Willamette Falls and Portland. It was a single-phase line transmitting power at 4, V over a distance of 21 km. With the development of polyphase systems by Nikola Tesla, the ac system became even more attractive. By , Tesla held several patents on ac motors, generators, transformers, and transmission systems.

Westinghouse bought the patents to these early inventions, and they formed the basis of the present-day ac systems. In the s, there was considerable controversy over whether the electric utility industry should be standardized on de or ac.

There were passionate arguments between Edison, who advocated de, and Westinghouse, who favoured ac. AC generators are much simpler than de generators. The first three-phase line in North America went into operation in - a 2, V, 12 km line in southern California. Around this time, ac was chosen at Niagara Falls because de was not practical for transmitting power to Buffalo, about 30 km away.

This decision ended the ac versus de controversy and established victory for the ac system. In the early period of ac power transmission, frequency was not standardized. Many different frequencies were in use: 25, 50, 60, , and Hz. This posed a problem for interconnection.

Eventually 60 Hz was adopted as standard in North America, although many other countries use 50 Hz. The increasing need for transmitting larger amounts of power over longer distances created an incentive to use progressively higher voltage levels. Hydro Quebec energized its first kV in , and kV was introduced in the United States in To avoid the proliferation of an unlimited number of voltages, the industry has standardized voltage levels.

The standards are , , , and kV for the high voltage HV class, and , and kV for the extra-high voltage EHV class 1,2 tI With the development of mercury are valves in the early s, high voltage dc HVDC transmission systems became economical in special situations.

The HVDC transmission is attractive for transmission of large blocks of power over long distances, The cross-over point beyond which de transmission may become a competitive alternative to ac transmission is around km for overhead lines and 50 km for underground or submarine cables. HVDC transmission also provides an asynchronous link between systems where ac interconnection would be impractical because of system stability considerations or because nominal frequencies of the systems are different.

The first modern commercial application of HVDC transmission occurred in when the Swedish mainland and the island of Gotland were interconnected by a 96 km submarine cable. With the advent of thyristor valve converters, HVDC transmission became even more attractive. The first application of an HVDC system using thyristor valves was at Eel River in - a back-to-back scheme providing an asynchronous tie between the power systems of Quebec and New Brunswick.

July June Duggal Free Download June Charles H. Roth, Larry April April 6. Popular Files. Grewal Book Free Download April Bansal Book Free October Trending on EasyEngineering. December September 1. Never Miss. Sponsored By. Sharing is Caring. About Welcome to EasyEngineering, One of the trusted educational blog.

Basic concepts and definitions2. The impact of control, system theory, and in recent years, communication and signal processing techniques has been significant. It is necessary to develop a sound theoretical basis for the area of power system dynamics, stability, and control. In appendices brief overviews of phase-shifting transformers and power system protections are given. Thenotes start with a derivation and discussion of the modelsof.

Sauer, M. This is the first book to provide a clear, in-depth explanation of voltage stability, covering both transient and longer-term phenomena and presenting proven solution to instability problems. Readers will find static and dynamic computer simulation examples for both small equivalent power systems and for a very large power system, plus an account of voltage stability associated with HVDC links.

They will also get helpful planning and operating guidelines, computer methods for power flow and dynamic simulation, and descriptions of actual voltage instability incidents.